lord's supper

The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper

J. Ligon Duncan

Thoughts on True Communion with Christ in the Lord’s Supper
    Reformed confessional teaching on the nature of the sacraments may be epitomized as follows: God’s sacraments or covenant signs/seals are “visible words” (Augustine). In them we see with our eyes the promise of God. Indeed, in the sacraments we see, smell, touch, and taste the word. In the public reading and preaching of Scripture, God addresses our mind and conscience through the hearing. In the sacraments, He uniquely addresses our mind and conscience through the other senses. In, through, and to the senses, God’s promise is made tangible. A sacrament is a covenant sign and seal, which means it reminds us and assures us of a promise. That is, it points to and confirms a gracious promise of God to His people. Another way of saying it is that a sacrament is an action designed by God to sign (symbolize) and seal (ratify) a covenantal reality, accomplished by the power and grace of God, the significance of which has been communicated by the word of God, and the reality of which is received or entered into only by faith. Hence, the weakness, the frailty of human faith welcomes this gracious act of reassurance. The sacraments are by nature supplemental to and confirmatory of the promises held out in the word, and the grace conveyed by them is the same grace held out via the means of preaching. The sacraments are efficacious for the elect and the elect only, since their benefits are sanctificational and received by faith.
    The consensus of Reformed teaching on the way in which Christ is present in the Lord’s Supper may be summarized as follows: there is absolutely no corporeal presence of Christ whatsoever in the Lord’s Supper. The believer does not corporeally partake of Christ in the Supper. Christ is not elementally, spatially, or locally present in the Supper in any way. There is no change or conversion of the elements in the Supper. The believer does indeed receive Christ in the Supper, but not by the mouth, rather by faith. Nor does Christ’s humanity come down to the believer, but by the Spirit the believer is raised in heart to receive Christ in His ascended glory.
    To put it in the language of The Westminster Confession, the spiritual presence of Christ in the Lord’s Supper may be summarized as follows: (1) the outward elements of the Lord’s Supper (bread and wine) sustain such an analogy to Christ crucified that they may truly, but only sacramentally, be called by the name of the things they represent, that is, the body and blood of Christ; nevertheless in their substance and nature they are truly and only bread and wine (see Westminster Confession 29.5). (2) Worthy recipients who outwardly partake of the visible elements of Lord’s Supper also inwardly by faith, really and truly, though not carnally and corporeally, but spiritually, receive and feed upon Christ crucified and all benefits of His death. In other words, we truly commune with Christ. (3) The body and blood of Christ are not in any way corporeally or carnally in, with, or under the bread and wine; nevertheless Christ crucified is really, but spiritually, present to the faith of believers, in the Supper, just as the elements themselves are to their outward senses (see Westminster Confession 29.7). (4) The grace which is exhibited in or by the sacrament rightly used, is not conferred by any power in the elements or ritual. (5) The efficacy of the sacrament is utterly dependent upon the work of the Spirit, in accordance with the word of covenant promise (and hence the necessity of the word of institution, which contains both the dominical precept authorizing itself and a covenant promise of benefit to worthy receivers) (see Westminster Confession 27.3).
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The Westminster Confession of Faith
Chapter XXIX. - Of the Lord's Supper.

1. Our Lord Jesus, in the night wherein He was betrayed, instituted the sacrament of His body and blood, called the Lord's Supper, to be observed in His Church, unto the end of the world, for the perpetual remembrance of the sacrifice of Himself in His death; the sealing all benefits thereof unto true believers, their spiritual nourishment and growth in Him, their further engagement in and to all duties which they owe unto Him; and, to be a bond and pledge of their communion with Him, and with each other, as members of His mystical body.

2. In this sacrament, Christ is not offered up to His Father; nor any real sacrifice made at all, for remission of sins of the quick or dead; but only a commemoration of that one offering up of Himself, by Himself, upon the cross, once for all: and a spiritual oblation of all possible praise unto God, for the same: so that the popish sacrifice of the mass (as they call it) is most abominably injurious to Christ's one, only sacrifice, the only propitiation for all the sins of His elect.

3. The Lord Jesus hath, in this ordinance, appointed His ministers to declare His word of institution to the people; to pray, and bless the elements of bread and wine, and thereby to set them apart from a common to an holy use; and to take and break the bread, to take the cup, and (they communicating also themselves) to give both to the communicants; but to none who are not then present in the congregation.

4. Private masses, or receiving this sacrament by a priest, or any other alone; as likewise, the denial of the cup to the people, worshipping the elements, the lifting them up, or carrying them about, for adoration, and the reserving them for any pretended religious use; are all contrary to the nature of this sacrament, and to the institution of Christ.

5. The outward elements in this sacrament, duly set apart to the uses ordained by Christ, have such relation to Him crucified, as that, truly, yet sacramentally only, they are sometimes called by the name of the things they represent, to wit, the body and blood of Christ; albeit, in substance and nature, they still remain truly and only bread and wine, as they were before.

6. That doctrine which maintains a change of the substance of bread and wine, into the substance of Christ's body and blood (commonly called transubstantiation) by consecration of a priest, or by any other way, is repugnant, not to Scripture alone, but even to common sense, and reason; overthroweth the nature of the sacrament, and hath been, and is, the cause of manifold superstitions; yea, of gross idolatries.

7. Worthy receivers, outwardly partaking of the visible elements, in this sacrament, do then also, inwardly by faith, really and indeed, yet not carnally and corporally but spiritually, receive, and feed upon, Christ crucified, and all benefits of His death: the body and blood of Christ being then, not corporally or carnally, in, with, or under the bread and wine; yet, as really, but spiritually, present to the faith of believers in that ordinance, as the elements themselves are to their outward senses.

8. Although ignorant and wicked men receive the outward elements in this sacrament; yet, they receive not the thing signified thereby; but, by their unworthy coming thereunto, are guilty of the body of the Lord, to their own damnation. Wherefore, all ignorant and ungodly persons, as they are unfit to enjoy communion with Him, so are they unworthy of the Lord's table; and cannot, without great sin against Christ, while they remain such, partake of these holy mysteries, or be admitted thereunto.
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The Book of Church Order of the Presbyterian Church in America
The Administration of the Lord's Supper.

58-1. The Communion, or Supper of the Lord, is to be observed frequently; the stated times to be determined by the Session of each congregation, as it may judge most for edification.

58-2. The ignorant and scandalous are not to be admitted to the Lord's Supper.

58-3. It is proper that public notice should be given to the congregation, at least the Sabbath before the administration of this ordinance, and that, either then, or on some day of the week, the people be instructed in its nature, and a due preparation for it, that all may come in a suitable manner to this holy feast.

58-4.   On the day of the observance of the Lord's Supper, when the sermon is ended, the minister shall show:

        a. That this is an ordinance of Christ; by reading the words of institution, either from one of the Evangelists, or from
            1 Corinthians 11, which, as to him may appear expedient, he may explain and apply;
        b. That it is to be observed in remembrance of Christ, to show forth His death till He come; that it is of
            inestimable benefit, to strengthen His people against sin; to support them under troubles; to encourage and
            quicken them in duty; to inspire them with love and zeal; to increase their faith, and holy resolution; and to
            beget peace of conscience, and comfortable hopes of eternal life.

Since, by our Lord's appointment, this Sacrament sets forth the Communion of Saints, the minister, at the discretion of the Session, before the observance begins, may either invite all those who profess the true religion, and are communicants in good standing in any evangelical church, to participate in the ordinance; or may invite those who have been approved by the Session, after having given indication of their desire to participate. It is proper also to give a special invitation to non-communicants to remain during the service.

58-5. The table, on which the elements are placed, being decently covered, and furnished with bread and wine, and the communicants orderly and gravely sitting around it (or in their seats before it), the elders in a convenient place together, the minister should then set the elements apart by prayer and thanksgiving.

The bread and wine being thus set apart by prayer and thanksgiving, the minister is to take the bread, and break it, in the view of the people, saying:

That the Lord Jesus Christ on the same night in which He was betrayed took bread; and when He had given thanks, He broke it, gave it to His disciples, as I, ministering in His name, give this bread to you, and said, "Take, eat; this is My body which is broken for you; do this in remembrance of Me"

Here the bread is to be distributed. After having given the bread, he shall take the cup, and say:

In the same manner, He also took the cup, and having given thanks as has been done in His name, He gave it to the disciples, saving, "This cup is the new covenant in My blood, which is shed for many for the remission of sins. Drink from it, all of you."

While the minister is repeating these words, let him give the cup.

58-6. Since believers are to act personally in all their covenanting with the Lord, it is proper that a part of the time occupied in the distribution of the elements should be spent by all in silent communion, thanksgiving, intercession and prayer.

58-7. The minister may, in a few words, put the communicants in mind:

Of the grace of God, in Jesus Christ, held forth in this sacrament; and of their obligation to be the Lord's; and may exhort them to walk worthy of the vocation wherewith they are called; and, as they have professedly received Christ Jesus the Lord, that they be careful so to walk in him, and to maintain good works.

It may not be improper for the minister to give a word of exhortation also to those who have been only spectators, reminding them:

Of their duty, stating their sin and danger, by living in disobedience to Christ, in neglecting this holy ordinance; and calling upon them to be earnest in making preparation for attending upon it at the next time of its celebration.

Then the minister is to pray and give thanks to God,

For His rich mercy, and invaluable goodness, vouchsafed to them in that Sacred Communion; to implore pardon for the defects of the whole service; and to pray for the acceptance of their persons and performances; for the gracious assistance of the Holy Spirit to enable them, as they have received Christ Jesus the Lord, so to walk in Him; that they may hold fast that which they have received, that no man take their crown; that their conversation may be as becomes the Gospel; that they may bear about with them, continually, the dying of the Lord Jesus, that the life also of Jesus may be manifested in their mortal body; that their light may so shine before men, that others, seeing their good works, may glorify their Father who is in heaven.

An offering for the poor or other sacred purpose is appropriate in connection with this service, and may be made at such time as shall be ordered by the Session.

Now let a psalm or hymn be sung, and the congregation dismissed, with the following or some other Gospel benediction:

Now the God of peace, that brought again from the dead our Lord Jesus, that great Shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting covenant, make you perfect in every good work to do His will, working in you that which is well pleasing in His sight, through Jesus Christ; to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen.

58-8. As past custom has been found in many parts of the Presbyterian Church, our congregations are urged to have a service of spiritual preparation for the Lord's Supper during the week previous to the celebration of the Sacrament
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Practice of Observing the Lord's Supper at First Presbyterian Church

At First Presbyterian Church, we follow the old Southern Presbyterian practice of celebrating the Lord’s Supper (what some churches call “the Eucharist” or “Holy Communion”) four times a year. The Ruling Elders of our church assist in the distribution of the elements of the Supper as a visible manifestation of their pastoral care of the flock.
The Lord’s table is for those who are trusting in Jesus Christ. So we invite to this table, the Lord’s table, all those who trust in Jesus Christ alone for their salvation as He is offered in the Gospel and who have joined themselves to the body of Christ, His Church. If you are not a believer in Christ who has identified yourself with His church, don’t come to the table. Rather, wait, think, pray, repent, and believe the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

The Apostles’ Creed
Since the Lord’s Supper is for professing believers in the Lord Jesus Christ who have “discerned the body of the Lord”—that is, the Church—(1 Corinthians 11:29), it is appropriate that we confess our faith together before we take it.

The Ten Commandments
By reciting the Law directly adjacent to the Gospel ordinance of the Lord’s Supper, we are reminded of our need for the forgiveness of sins and the rich provision we have in Jesus Christ’s perfect obedience (see Romans 5:20).

Example

Now let’s prepare to come to the Lord’s Table as we sing together #254, “Alas and Did My Savior Bleed.”

Please be seated. As we come to the Lord’s Table today, let us attend to the words of the institution of these sacraments spoken by our Lord and given by the Apostle Paul.

“For I received from the Lord that which I also delivered to you. That the Lord Jesus in the night on which He was betrayed took bread, and when He had given thanks, He broke it and said, ‘This is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of Me.’ In the same way, He took the cup also after supper, saying, ‘This cup is the New Covenant in My blood. Do this as often as you drink it in remembrance of Me. For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until He comes.’ Therefore, whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner shall be guilty of the body and the blood of the Lord. But let a man examine himself. In so doing, he is to eat of the bread and drink of the cup. For he who eats and drinks, eats and drinks judgment to himself if he does not judge the body rightly.” Amen. Thus ends this reading of God’s holy word. May He add His blessing to it.

The Lord’s Supper is a sacrament, or an ordinance; that is, it’s a covenant sign appointed by God. It serves to confirm God’s promise to us and to strengthen our faith in receiving that promise. It is appointed by God as a means of grace. That is one of the principal, God-ordained ways whereby a Christian grows. In the Lord’s Supper, we feed on Christ by faith. So, the Lord’s Table is for those who are trusting in Jesus Christ. We invite to this Table today, the Lord’s Table, all those who trust in Jesus Christ alone for their salvation as He is offered in the gospel and who have joined themselves to the Body of Christ, His Church. If you are not a believer in Christ who has identified yourself with this Church, don’t come to this table. Rather, wait, think, pray, repent, and believe the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. Let’s set apart these common elements to their holy use with prayer. Let’s pray.

Eternal God, You are the Lord of creation. You are the Triune God. You’ve manifested Yourself in the incarnation of the Lord Jesus Christ. We gather at His Table today, Your Table, at Your own bidding, and we acknowledge Your grace to us. Make these common elements to serve as Your means of grace to Your people. Grant that we would receive them by faith and so taste of the heavenly mercies bestowed by them by Your Holy Spirit. We thank You for this means, and we thank You for the One who is our mediator, the perfect sacrifice in offering for sin, the Savior of sinners-- the Lord Jesus Christ in whose name we pray. Amen.

As we come to this Table, we come to this Table as believers in our Lord Jesus Christ; so let’s confess our faith together using the Apostle’s Creed. Christian, what do you believe? “I believe in God, the Father Almighty, the Creator of heaven and earth, and in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord: Who was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried. He descended into hell. The third day He arose again from the dead. He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty, whence He shall come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and life everlasting.” Amen.

As we come to the Table, we’re reminded again of the truth which John just taught us in 1 John 2: we are sinners in need of Christ’s forgiveness, richly offered to us at this Table to remind us of the sins which He has forgiven, and to remind us of what He would make us to be by grace. Let us say together God’s ten words. You’ll find a copy of them in an abbreviated form on the back of your bulletin. “You shall have no other gods before Me. You shall not make for yourself an idol. You shall not worship them or serve them. You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain. Remember the Sabbath Day to keep it holy. Honor your father and your mother. You shall not murder. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not steal. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. You shall not covet.”

Our Lord Jesus Christ on the night on which He was betrayed, took bread and broke it and gave it to His disciples, even as I now ministering in His name give it to You. And He said to them, “This is My body given for You; take; eat; do this in remembrance of Me.” And in the same manner, He took the cup, having given thanks as we have already done in His name, He gave it to His disciples, and He said to them, "This cup is the new covenant in My blood, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sin. All of you drink of it."

Let us pray. Our Lord and our God, in Your word, You have appointed means whereby to strengthen Your people. We ask, O god, in anticipation of Your present and future grace, that You would strengthen us, for we have fed on Christ by faith. We ask, O Lord, that you would equip us for service, enlarge our hearts with love and mercy towards one another, and towards the unbelieving world. Make us to be faithful witnesses. Make us to be self-denying disciples through the grace of Your Holy Spirit. We ask You even as we rejoice and give you thanks for this table and all that it means; in Jesus name. Amen.

Before they went out, they sang a hymn, and so let us take our hymnals in hand and turn to 261, and sing "What Wondrous Love is This."
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Example

Our Lord, and our God, as we come to the table to commune with Christ and His people, we pray that we would do so in truth, believing Your word, acknowledging its authority, coming to you in Christ alone who, in Your word, has said, is the only way of salvation. Grant then that we might feed by faith on the one who renders Himself up as an a propitiation, an atoning sacrifice for all those who receive and trust in Him. This we ask in Jesus' name, Amen.

Let's prepare to come to the lord's table with the singing of number 254, "Alas, and did My Savior Bleed." ++

Please be seated. The Apostle Paul, in First Corinthians, chapter 11, gives us the words of institution of this Lord's Supper, when he says,

"I received from the Lord that which I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus, the same night in which He was betrayed, took bread, and when He had given thanks, he broke it and said, "Take, eat. This My body which is given for you. This, do in remembrance of Me." After the same manner, He also took the cup, when He had supped, and said, "This cup is the new covenant in My blood. This, do you, as often as you drink, in remembrance of Me, for as oft as you eat this bread, and drink this cup, you show the lord's death, until He comes. Therefore, whosoever shall eat this bread, or drink this cup of the Lord unworthily, shall be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord, but let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of that bread, and drink of that cup, for he that eat and drink unworthily, eat and drink condemnation to himself, because he does not discern the lord's body rightly." Amen.

This is God's word. This table is the Lord's table. It is a table of grace, given by God to His needy people. There are requirements for coming to this table. The first requirement for coming to the Lord's table is that you must be a sinner. This table is not for the righteous. This table is not for those who do not need mercy. This table is not for those who are able to stand before God on their own, in their own righteousness, in their own deeds, on their own merit. By the way, there are none of those people. This table is for sinners. Those who know their need of grace. But this table is also for those sinners who have found their need of grace met in Jesus Christ, alone. They have sought Him out. They have rested in Him. They have trusted in Him alone for salvation as He is offered in the gospel. They have not offered their works, their deeds, their efforts as a way back into fellowship with God. They have repentance. They have looked to Christ and they have rested in Him. This is a table for sinners who are trusting in Jesus Christ.

And so, this morning, we invite to this table all those of you who are trusting in Christ, as hHe is offered in the gospel, who join yourself to the body of Christ, His church. Come and sup with us at this table of the Lord. It's not our table. It's His table. This table is itself a testimony to god's promise. Christ' table is a means of grace, because in this Lord's table, we feed on Him by faith, as He is offered in the gospel. This table is here to tangibly confirm the promises of God in the covenant of grace to us. So that He joins to our ears hearing of those promises, our eyes seeing of the elements, our hands feeling of those elements, our mouths tasting of those elements, that we might taste and see that He is good. So, if you trust in Him, come to this table, and taste and see that the Lord is good.

Let us set apart these common elements to a holy use and prayer. Let us pray. Our Lord, and our God, you have appointed the bread and the cup to serve as instruments of grace, favor and mercy for your people. Build us up, meet us here, as we feed on the risen and ascended savior by faith. We thank you for this spiritual food. In Jesus' name, amen.

It is appropriate, as we come to this table as Christians, to profess our faith using The Apostles' Creed. Christians, what do you believe?

It is also appropriate that we confess our sin, that we acknowledge Christ's perfect obedience to the law, and that we express our intercession to god that he would strengthen us to be conformed to the image of His son who loved and lived the law, by the repetition of the Ten Commandments. Let us say them together, brothers and sisters.

"Our Lord, on the night in which He was betrayed, took bread, and broke it and gave it to His disciples, as I now ministering in His name, give it to you, and He said to them, "This is my body which is given for you. Take, eat and do this in remembrance of Me." And in the same manner, He took the cup, having given thanks as we have already done in His name, He gave it to His disciples, and He said to them, "This cup is the new covenant in My blood, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sin. All of you drink of it."

Before they went out, they sang a hymn, and so let us take our hymnals in hand and turn to 261, and sing "What Wondrous Love is This."

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Example

Our Lord and our God we thank You for Your word. We ask that You would teach us by it. And now as we come to Your table we pray that You would prepare our hearts to rejoice at the sacrifice of the Son who gave Himself that we might become sons and daughters of the loving Heavenly Father. In Jesus name. Amen.

Let's take our hymnals and turn to number 252, "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross"

Please be seated. The apostle Paul says in First Corinthians, chapter eleven,

"For I received from the Lord that which I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus in the night in which He was betrayed took bread; and when He had given thanks, He broke it, and said, 'This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of Me.' In the same way He took the cup also, after supper, saying, 'This cup is the new covenant in My blood; do this as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me.' For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes."

Friends, this is the table of the Lord. It is a table where by a visible sign and seal God adds confirmation to the word of promise He has given to His people in His word, so that by both the word spoken and the sign tasted we may taste and see that the Lord Is good. This is a table for disciples of the Lord Jesus Christ. And so we invite all those who are trusting in the Lord Jesus Christ alone for salvation as he is offered in the gospel, and have joined themselves to His body, the church, to come and taste with us this the sign of the covenant, the sign of His pledge, the sign of His death, the sign of new life, this strengthening to faith.

But for those of you who do not know the Lord Jesus Christ who have not trusted on Him or rested in Him, we say to you, "Do not come to this table and so eat and drink condemnation to yourself." This is a table for sinners, but for repentant sinner, sinners who have trusted in Jesus for salvation. And so if you have not done this, if you are not one of His, if you have not identified yourself with His people, don't come to this table. But instead come to Him. Come to Him and pray to Him, trust in Him, rest in him, embrace Him, and find yourself embraced by Him. And then, when we come again, come back to this table with us as a brother, as a sister, and eat and drink to your strengthening.

Let us set apart these common elements to a holy use by prayer. Let us pray.
Our Lord and our God we acknowledge this table is Your provision. It speaks to us of the meaning of the death of Christ. It speaks to us a word of grace and confirmation of grace. It confirms to us the promises that you have made to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Israel, Jeremiah, and through Jesus to us, confirmed by the apostles, the promise of the glories of the new covenant. And by this, O Lord, you haven us an instrument whereby we are strengthened with your grace. So help us, O Lord, to eat and drink with faith, and so by faith to take to ourselves the risen Savior and all His benefits. We acknowledge that these element in and of themselves have no power. They are not magical. And yet, they are Your appointed means coming from Your creation and providence and used by the power of Your Spirit for Your own ends - the ends of the spiritual upbuilding of all those who are in Christ. Use them so, we pray, in Jesus name. Amen.

We come to the Lord's table as believers. Since we come to the Lord's table as believers let us confess our common faith, using the words of the Apostles' Creed. Christian, what do you believe?

We also come to this table as sinners. Redeemed sinners to be sure. But as we come to this table which speaks of the way that the Lord has provided for us as repentant sinners to come into His presence, let us remind ourselves those things from which we need to be saved. To do this let us say the Ten Commandments together. You'll find a brief from of them on your bulletins. And as we do so we'll remember the sins from which we have been forgiven and we'll also remember the newness of life which we are called to by the power of the Holy Spirit through the shed blood of Jesus Christ. Let us say, brothers and sisters, the ten words together.

Our Lord Jesus Christ on the night in which He was betrayed took bread. And when He had given thanks as we have done in His name He gave it to His disciples, saying to them, "Take, eat; this is My body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of Me."

Likewise, after supper He took the cup, and when He had given thanks He said, "This is the blood of the new covenant, shed for many for the remission of sins. Drink ye all of it."

"For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever would believe on Him would not perish, but have everlasting life." Is He not then the Bread of Heaven. For He was made sin for us who knew no sin, that we might be reckoned the righteousness of God in Him. By His stripes we are healed.

Now let us pray. Our Father, we are privileged this morning once again through these tokens set apart for holy use as signs and seals of the Covenant of Grace, to be reminded of the broken body and shed blood of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. We pray that we might make more and more of Christ, and that even this Lord's Day He might become more and more precious to us. Teach us what it meaneth, the cross uplifted high, and on it the man of sorrows condemned to bleed and die. Nothing in our hands we bring. Simply to Thy cross we cling. Hear us Lord, for Jesus' sake. Amen.

Let us sing together the hymn 246, "Man of Sorrows! What a Name"

Grace, mercy and peace to you from God the Father and our Lord Jesus the Christ. Amen.